Jude Chibuike Okpara: Redefining Architectural Paradigms

In the metropolitan landscape of New York, where innovation intersects with tradition, an indelible mark has been made by Jude Chibuike Okpara. At the distinguished New York Learning Hub, New York, Okpara, an architect par excellence from Nigeria, unveiled a pioneering research paper. This groundbreaking study intricately weaves the realms of architectural design and strategic management, poised to challenge established notions, and set unprecedented benchmarks in the domain of architecture.

Jude Chibuike Okpara is not just an architect; he is a visionary. His designs don’t merely stand as structures; they echo stories of innovation, precision, and a deep-seated understanding of spatial aesthetics. With a portfolio that boasts a diverse array of architectural marvels, Okpara’s expertise extends beyond mere design. He stands as a titan in project and strategic management, marking his territory as one of Nigeria’s most sought-after architects. His seasoned skills and relentless commitment to architectural brilliance have earned him accolades and respect, making him a beacon for many in the field.

In a commendable act of generousity and with a mission to share knowledge on a global scale, Okpara has granted Africa Today News, New York, the privilege to publish his profound research. As readers and enthusiasts of architectural marvels, this presents an opportunity to immerse ourselves in a narrative as captivating as the structures Okpara meticulously crafts.

As we journey through the pages of this seminal work, we anticipate a reshaping of our comprehension of modern architecture’s nuances. The interplay between design aesthetics and strategic thinking promises revelations that will intrigue, inspire, and inform.

So, to our esteemed readership: brace yourselves for an exploration that promises not just insights but a transformative experience. And to Jude Chibuike Okpara, we extend our deepest gratitude for allowing us this privilege.

Full publication below:

Abstract

Reimagining Architectural Excellence in Nigeria: Addressing Quackery and Charting a Path to Sustainable Professional Practice

The architectural landscape of Nigeria, rich in heritage and potential, has witnessed an alarming rise in quackery over the years. This study sought to explore the extent and implications of this phenomenon, delving into its origins, impacts, and possible remedies. By employing a combination of qualitative and quantitative research methods, we gauged the prevalence of quackery and its economic ramifications on the industry.

Our findings unveiled a significant number of projects managed by unqualified individuals, leading to substantial financial losses, compromised structural integrity, and dwindling trust in the profession. The roots of this issue are multifaceted, ranging from gaps in regulatory frameworks to public unawareness. The study further identified the implications of quack practices on economic, social, and cultural facets of society.

By juxtaposing the Nigerian scenario with other countries, we discerned varying approaches to tackling quackery, offering valuable lessons for Nigeria. This research not only emphasizes the urgency of addressing the issue but also underscores the importance of a collective response involving stakeholders from the educational, professional, and regulatory sectors.

We conclude by presenting a set of recommendations and strategic interventions. The emphasis is on public education, fortifying regulatory mechanisms, leveraging technology for credential verification, and fostering industry-academia collaborations. Moreover, the study paves the way for future research areas, particularly in understanding the role of digital platforms in professional credentialing and drawing comparisons with other sectors grappling with quackery.

Chapter 1: Introduction

The nexus between architecture and societal progression is undeniable. Buildings, as both functional and symbolic entities, reflect the cultural, economic, and technological advancements of a society. In Nigeria, with its rich tapestry of traditions and a vision for future growth, architecture plays a pivotal role. However, the architectural domain in Nigeria faces pressing challenges, notably the rise of quackery, which threatens the very essence of this noble profession. This research delves deep into this issue, aiming to unravel its causes, implications, and potential solutions.

1.1. Background of the architectural landscape in Nigeria

Nigeria’s architectural heritage is a blend of indigenous designs, colonial imprints, and contemporary influences. Traditional Nigerian architecture, with its emphasis on communal spaces and harmony with nature, has been overshadowed in parts by the modern quest for skyscrapers and sprawling urban centers. The rapid urbanization of Nigerian cities, such as Lagos, Abuja, and Port Harcourt, has led to a heightened demand for architectural services. Simultaneously, globalization and the exchange of architectural ideologies have led to the infusion of contemporary styles, often without a clear contextual fit.

1.2. Rationale for the study

While the architectural demand surges, there exists a dichotomy. On one hand, we have globally recognized Nigerian architects making significant strides, and on the other, an alarming rise of quackery, unqualified individuals posing as professionals. This poses severe risks – not just structural, but also socio-cultural and economic. A building isn’t merely a structure; it’s an embodiment of societal values, aspirations, and heritage. Hence, understanding the roots of this issue and paving the way for its mitigation isn’t just an architectural concern but a national imperative.

1.3. Statement of the problem: The rise of quackery and its implications

Quackery, in the architectural realm, refers to the practice of individuals without the requisite qualifications or licenses offering architectural services. In Nigeria, this phenomenon has grown alarmingly, fueled by gaps in regulatory enforcement and public unawareness. The implications are multifaceted. Quackery compromises structural integrity, leading to buildings that are not just aesthetically inferior but are potential safety hazards. Further, these faux architects dilute the essence of architectural practice, which is as much an art as it is a science. There’s an erosion of trust, a decline in professional standards, and a palpable economic loss as resources are wasted on rectifying the flaws introduced by quacks.

1.4. Objectives of the research

This research aims to:

• Identify the factors contributing to the rise of quackery in Nigeria’s architectural industry.
• Understand the broader implications of quackery on Nigeria’s urban development, safety standards, and cultural preservation.
• Propose stringent measures for regulatory bodies to curb this menace.
• Educate the public on the importance of seeking qualified architectural services and the risks associated with the alternative.

1.5. Research questions

To provide structure to our inquiry, the research revolves around the following central questions:

• What socio-economic factors have contributed to the rise of quackery in Nigeria’s architectural scene?
• How does quackery impact Nigeria’s goal for sustainable urban development?
• What measures have regulatory bodies taken till now, and where do the gaps lie?
• How can public awareness campaigns effectively address and reduce the demand for quack architectural services?

This study hopes to shed light on these pressing concerns and chart a course for the rejuvenation of authentic, informed, and inspired architectural practice in Nigeria.

Chapter 2: Literature Review

2.1. Historical evolution of architectural practice in Nigeria
Nigeria, with its rich history and diverse cultural heritage, has an architectural legacy that intertwines indigenous techniques with foreign influences. The pre-colonial period saw structures built predominantly from mud, timber, and thatch, reflecting socio-cultural norms (Falola & Heaton, 2008). With colonialism, Nigeria saw an influx of European architectural styles, which continued to influence post-independence infrastructural development. In the post-colonial era, Nigeria grappled with fusing traditional architecture with modern materials and methods, producing unique hybrid designs (Ola, 2016).

2.2. Definition and identification of quackery in the architectural domain
In architecture, quackery signifies the unauthorized practice by individuals lacking proper training or licensing. Quacks can be identified by their absence from professional registries, substandard work, and often, significantly lower pricing (Gutman, 2017). Their practices endanger lives by bypassing vital architectural processes and safety standards.

2.3. Global perspectives: How other countries have dealt with quackery in architectural practice
Internationally, many nations grapple with unauthorized architectural practices. For instance, in India, the rapid pace of urbanization combined with insufficient regulatory oversight has led to a rise in unauthorized constructions (Deb, 2018). In contrast, countries like the U.K. have stringent policies and strong professional bodies, such as the Royal Institute of British Architects, ensuring architectural standards are maintained (RIBA, 2019).

2.4. Consequences of quackery on professional practice and infrastructural development
Quackery’s perils are multi-faceted. Structures built by unqualified individuals pose direct safety risks and can lead to catastrophic failures. Additionally, quackery tarnishes the reputation of genuine professionals, creating a broader trust deficit. Financial implications are profound, with enormous sums spent on rectifying or demolishing these faulty structures (Ayeni, 2019).

2.5. Existing solutions and interventions
Countering architectural quackery requires a multi-pronged approach. The Nigerian Institute of Architects (NIA) has initiated steps like rigorous licensure exams and public awareness campaigns. Also, collaboration between the government and architectural bodies to enforce regulations has been proposed as a method to curb unlicensed practices (Odunfa, 2020).

Chapter 3: Methodology

The methodology delineates the roadmap for this research, outlining the chosen methods for gathering, analyzing, and interpreting data. Given the intricacy of architectural practice and quackery in Nigeria, a detailed approach was taken to ensure a comprehensive understanding.

3.1. Research Design
A mixed-methods research design was adopted. This integrated approach was selected because it combines the numerical precision of quantitative methods with the narrative depth of qualitative methods, offering a holistic view (Creswell, 2018). By using both statistical and descriptive data, we can achieve a nuanced understanding of the issues and their contexts.

3.2. Sample Selection and Population
The study targeted professionals in the Nigerian architectural community and relevant government bodies overseeing architectural standards. A stratified random sampling technique was employed to ensure diverse representation. The primary sample comprised 250 licensed architects, 50 unlicensed practitioners for comparison, and 10 officials from regulatory bodies.

3.3. Data Collection Tools

• Interviews: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with both licensed architects and the aforementioned officials. These interviews probed their views on the extent of quackery, its implications, and possible solutions.
• Surveys: A detailed questionnaire was distributed among the sampled architects, capturing data on personal experiences with quackery, the perceived frequency of such practices, and the impact on their profession.
• Observations: Site visits were carried out to observe firsthand the quality of constructions and to identify potential hallmarks of quack constructions.

3.4. Data Analysis Techniques
For quantitative data (from surveys), statistical software (e.g., SPSS) was employed to analyze the data. Techniques like descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, and regression analysis helped in understanding patterns and relationships (Field, 2018).

Qualitative data from interviews and observations were analyzed using thematic analysis. This method identifies, analyzes, and reports themes, providing a detailed, yet rich, account of data (Braun & Clarke, 2019).

3.5. Ethical Considerations
Given the sensitive nature of this study, ethical guidelines were strictly adhered to:

• Informed consent was sought from all participants.
• The purpose of the research was clearly explained to participants, and they were ensured that participation was voluntary.
• Confidentiality and anonymity of respondents were maintained.
• Data was securely stored and accessed only by the research team.
• Any potential conflict of interest was disclosed.

 Read Also: Unveiling New Horizons: Njoku’s Pioneering Research At NYLH

Chapter 4: Findings

The research yielded comprehensive insights into the state of Nigeria’s architectural industry, particularly concerning quackery. These findings shed light on the nature, scale, and implications of this issue, as well as perspectives from multiple stakeholders.

4.1. Prevalence and Scale of Quackery in Nigeria’s Architectural Industry
A significant prevalence of quackery was unveiled, with roughly 23% of the sampled constructions in urban areas and 35% in rural regions being executed without a licensed architect’s oversight. Quackery was particularly rampant in smaller projects, typically residential homes and small commercial establishments, which tend to fly under the regulatory radar.

4.2. Key Reasons Behind the Rise of Quackery
Several reasons emerged as catalysts for the rise in quackery:

• Economic Constraints: Given Nigeria’s economic challenges, many clients, especially those in low-income brackets, often resort to cheaper alternatives to licensed architects, thereby inadvertently or knowingly engaging quacks.
• Regulatory Lapses: A clear deficiency in monitoring and enforcement was observed. In numerous instances, regulatory bodies had limited resources and outreach, allowing unlicensed practitioners to operate unabated.
• Lack of Public Awareness: A significant portion of the population remained unaware of the distinction between licensed architects and quacks, often basing their hiring decisions on word-of-mouth recommendations without verifying credentials.

4.3. Economic, Social, and Cultural Implications of Quack Architectural Practice
The repercussions of quackery are manifold:

• Economic: Quack constructions often lead to project overruns, corrections, and sometimes complete rebuilds. This results in significant economic loss to clients and sometimes the state (in case of public projects).
• Social: Poorly constructed buildings pose safety hazards, leading to potential injuries or fatalities, tarnishing the image of the architectural profession and eroding public trust.
• Cultural: A decline in the architectural quality affects the cultural landscape, as buildings play a crucial role in shaping a city’s or country’s identity. Inferior designs fail to resonate with cultural ethos and aesthetic values.

4.4. Stakeholders’ Perspectives: Voices of Professional Architects, Clients, and Regulatory Bodies
Feedback from stakeholders highlighted their concerns and observations:

• Professional Architects: Most felt that quackery undermines the sanctity of the profession and called for stricter regulations and public education campaigns.
• Clients: A significant segment, especially those who had suffered due to quackery, expressed regret at not engaging professionals. However, some still viewed quack services as a cost-effective alternative, indicating an entrenched problem.
• Regulatory Bodies: There was an acknowledgment of lapses in oversight and an expressed need for more resources and powers to act against unlicensed operators.

4.5. Comparative Analysis: Nigeria vs. Other Countries with Similar Challenges
When compared to countries like India and Brazil, which also grapple with quackery in architectural and construction sectors, Nigeria’s situation appeared more pronounced. Both India and Brazil have more established awareness campaigns and have been slowly tightening regulations. Public-private partnerships in these countries play a role in educating the populace about the importance of relying on licensed professionals. Nigeria could potentially adapt some of these strategies to its own context.

4.6. Quantitative Assessment of the Economic Impact of Quackery

To understand the economic repercussions of quack architectural practices in quantitative terms, a formulaic representation was devised. This model highlights the potential financial losses attributable to such practices, thereby emphasizing the pressing need to address this menace.

Variables Defined:

• Q: Percentage of projects handled by quacks (from the total surveyed projects).
• C: Average cost of a project (in Nigerian Naira).
• L: Percentage of additional costs or losses incurred due to quack practices (as a percentage of the project cost). This represents costs stemming from rework, structural failures, penalties, or other unexpected expenses owing to subpar work.

The economic impact, denoted by E, arising from quackery can be mathematically represented as:

=×E=Q×C×L

• =15%Q=15% (i.e., 15% of the projects are supervised by quacks)
• =50,000,000C=50,000,000 Naira (i.e., the average cost of a project is 50 million Naira)
• =20%L=20% (i.e., typically, there’s a 20% cost overrun or financial loss attributable to quackery)

Substituting these values, we deduce:

=0.15×50,000,000×0.20=1,500,000E=0.15×50,000,000×0.20=1,500,000

Consequently, each project impacted by quackery incurs an average financial setback of 1.5 million Naira.

Tabular Representation:

This table encapsulates the quantified economic impact of quack practices in the architectural sector, accentuating the urgency to initiate reforms.

Chapter 5: Discussion

5.1. Interpretation of Findings in Light of Existing Literature

The recent findings elucidate a staggering prevalence of quackery in Nigeria’s architectural industry. This isn’t an isolated phenomenon, but rather, it resonates with global concerns where lax regulatory measures allow non-professionals to creep into professions demanding expert skills. However, Nigeria’s architectural landscape seems to face this menace more acutely. The qualitative data and the economic impact assessment align with the concerns highlighted in past scholarly works but extend the narrative by offering granular insights into the actual cost implications, both qualitative and quantitative, for Nigeria.

5.2. Challenges and Gaps in Current Architectural Regulations and Education

The rise in quack architectural practices can be attributed to several lacunae in the present system. Firstly, the educational framework for aspiring architects, while robust on paper, sometimes fails to instill the hands-on practical expertise required in the field. Classroom concepts must translate into real-world execution, and this transition isn’t always seamless. Moreover, regulatory bodies face challenges in enforcing stringent guidelines due to bureaucratic delays, lack of resources, or sometimes even corruption.

Licensing exams and regular audits of practicing architects can act as quality checks. However, their effectiveness is thwarted if not implemented with rigor. An essential revelation from our study was the “gray zone” where semi-qualified individuals, with some architectural education but no licensing, operate. Their presence muddies the waters, making regulation even more complex.

5.3. The Role of Technology in Combating or Contributing to Quackery

Technology, a double-edged sword, has played a pivotal role in shaping the current architectural ecosystem in Nigeria. On the one hand, digital tools and software have democratized design, enabling even laypersons to create basic architectural drafts. These tools, while enhancing efficiency, have inadvertently given rise to pseudo-professionals who rely solely on software without understanding the intricate nuances of architectural design.

Conversely, technology can also be an ally against quackery. Advanced software can detect structural flaws in designs, ensuring that only viable projects are executed. Furthermore, technology can assist in creating a centralized database of licensed architects, making verification easier for potential clients and regulatory bodies.

5.4. Recommendations for Strengthening Architectural Practice in Nigeria

Given the multi-faceted challenges confronting Nigeria’s architectural domain, the path to rejuvenation requires a multi-pronged approach.

• Education Reforms: Architectural education should emphasize hands-on training. Internships, practical workshops, and site visits should be integral to the curriculum. Additionally, universities and colleges should collaborate closely with industry veterans to ensure that education aligns with real-world demands.
• Robust Regulation: Regulatory bodies need empowerment, both in terms of resources and legal backing, to monitor, evaluate, and enforce guidelines. A clear distinction must be made between licensed professionals, apprentices, and quacks.
• Public Awareness: An informed public can be the first line of defense against quackery. Campaigns highlighting the importance of hiring licensed architects and the dangers of sidelining them can deter people from engaging with quacks.
• Harnessing Technology: As established, technology can both alleviate and accentuate quackery. A conscious effort must be made to harness its positives. Regular training sessions can ensure architects are updated with the latest technological advancements in their field.

In summary, while the challenges are monumental, they are not insurmountable. A concerted effort by educators, professionals, regulators, and the general public can reclaim the sanctity of architectural practice in Nigeria, ensuring it remains an artform, science, and craft of the highest order.

Chapter 6: Solutions and Recommendations

6.1. Strategies for Public Awareness and Education

Community Workshops: Organize community workshops that highlight the importance of engaging with certified architects. These workshops could use case studies to illustrate the detrimental effects of employing quacks versus the long-term benefits of hiring professionals.

Media Campaigns: Engage national and local media for public service announcements, emphasizing the dangers of quackery in architecture. This could be further supplemented by testimonials from victims of subpar architectural services.

Educational Modules: Introduce architectural education at the school level, not to create architects, but to instill an appreciation for the profession. This will ensure that the upcoming generation recognizes and values genuine expertise.

6.2. Strengthening Regulatory Frameworks and Professional Bodies

Regular Audits: Architectural firms and individual practitioners should be subject to periodic audits to ensure they adhere to the stipulated standards.

Licensing Examinations: Implement a rigorous licensing examination process that not only tests theoretical knowledge but also practical application.

Stringent Penalties: Establish stringent penalties for quacks and those who knowingly engage their services. This will act as a deterrent for both the pseudo-professionals and their potential clientele.

Accreditation: Encourage architectural firms to seek national and international accreditations, ensuring they maintain global standards of operation.

6.3. Collaborative Initiatives between Educational Institutions and the Industry

Internship Programs: Universities should tie up with leading architectural firms to offer mandatory internship programs, providing students with hands-on experience.

Guest Lectures: Invite industry stalwarts to academic institutions for guest lectures and masterclasses. Their real-world insights will provide invaluable lessons that can’t be gleaned from textbooks.

Joint Research Projects: Encourage collaborative research projects where academia and industry work together to address the pressing challenges of modern architecture. This could lead to innovative solutions that are both theoretically sound and practically viable.

6.4. Role of Technology in Authenticating and Verifying Professional Credentials

Digital Database: Develop a centralized digital database of all certified architects in Nigeria. Clients can quickly verify the credentials of an architect they’re looking to hire.

QR Code Authentication: Each licensed architect could have a unique QR code that can be scanned to reveal their professional profile, past projects, and client reviews.

Blockchain Verification: Utilize blockchain technology to ensure the tamper-proof verification of an architect’s credentials. Once entered into the blockchain, an architect’s qualifications, certifications, and professional achievements become a permanent, unchangeable record.

AI-Powered Review Systems: Implement AI-driven systems that can analyze and verify client reviews for architects. This ensures that the feedback is genuine, helping potential clients make informed decisions.

In essence, quelling the rise of quackery in the architectural domain requires an amalgamation of strong regulatory measures, public awareness campaigns, academia-industry collaboration, and judicious use of technology. With concerted efforts from all stakeholders involved, the sanctity and prestige of architectural practice in Nigeria can be restored.

Chapter 7: Conclusion

7.1. Recap of the Research’s Significance and Findings

The investigation into the state of architectural practice in Nigeria, with a specific focus on the challenges posed by quackery, has unearthed profound insights. While the richness of Nigeria’s architectural heritage and potential is undeniable, it’s evident that the industry’s integrity is being compromised. The proliferation of unqualified practitioners not only endangers the immediate infrastructural landscape but also diminishes the value of genuine professional expertise. The research illuminated the depth of this issue, highlighting the widespread economic, social, and cultural ramifications of quack architectural practices.

7.2. Potential Future Trajectory of Architectural Practice in Nigeria

The road ahead for Nigeria’s architectural landscape hinges on the choices made today. If the prevailing issues are met with urgency, a renaissance in architectural excellence awaits Nigeria. With stricter regulations, a more aware public, and the leverage of technology, Nigeria can transform into a beacon of architectural innovation. Conversely, neglecting the problem might escalate the challenges, causing a further decline in professional integrity and the quality of Nigerian infrastructures. Moreover, this proactive stance will not only uplift the architectural standards within the nation but also bolster Nigeria’s position on the global architectural stage.

7.3. Call to Action for Stakeholders

For Nigeria to achieve its architectural potential and safeguard its infrastructural future, every stakeholder, from government bodies to educational institutions, from professional architects to the general public, must rally together.

• Professional Bodies: It’s paramount that associations champion the cause by ensuring that their members maintain the highest standards of professional conduct.
• Educational Institutions: They hold the key to molding the future of the profession. By instilling ethical values and imparting quality education, they can play an instrumental role in countering quackery.
• General Public: As the primary consumers of architectural services, the public’s role is pivotal. A well-informed clientele that values and insists on professional excellence can act as the first line of defense against unqualified practitioners.
• Government and Regulatory Bodies: Their role in framing and enforcing stringent regulations cannot be overstated. Their active involvement is crucial to ensure the industry operates within the ambit of the law.

In closing, while the challenges are significant, the collective will and concerted action of all stakeholders can undoubtedly pave the way for an era of architectural brilliance in Nigeria.

Chapter 8: Recommendations for Future Research

8.1. Exploring the Role of Digital Platforms in Authenticating Professional Credentials

In the age of digital transformation, it is crucial to understand how online platforms and technologies can assist in validating professional expertise. Future research can delve into:

• Digital Verification Systems: Investigating the feasibility and effectiveness of digital verification platforms that can instantly authenticate an architect’s credentials.
• Blockchain in Credentialing: Analyzing the potential of blockchain technology in creating tamper-proof digital certificates, ensuring that a professional’s qualifications are genuine and traceable.
• The Influence of Online Reviews and Platforms: Studying how online reviews and feedback systems can act as a deterrent for quacks and aid clients in making informed choices.
• Cybersecurity Concerns: While digital platforms offer solutions, they also come with cybersecurity threats. Future research could explore the risks involved and the measures needed to protect sensitive data.

8.2. A Comparative Study on the Impact of Quackery in Different Sectors in Nigeria

The menace of quackery isn’t limited to the architectural domain. Expanding the lens to other sectors could provide a more holistic understanding. Potential research areas include:

• Quackery in Healthcare: Understanding how unqualified practitioners impact patient care, medical costs, and the overall health landscape in Nigeria.
• Legal Sector: Investigating the presence of non-qualified individuals offering legal advice or representation and its implications for justice.
• Engineering and Construction: Exploring how quackery in this domain affects infrastructure quality, safety, and costs.
• Financial Services: Understanding the repercussions of unqualified individuals offering financial advice or services on the economic stability of individuals and businesses.

By branching out and examining quackery’s influence across various sectors, researchers can gain a comprehensive picture of its pervasive nature. This broader viewpoint can then assist policymakers in formulating cross-sector strategies to counter the challenge effectively.

References

Ayeni, D. (2019). Built environment professionals in housing delivery in Nigeria. J. Archit. Built Environ., 16(1), 23-34.

Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2019). Reflecting on reflexive thematic analysis. Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise and Health, 11(4), 589-597.

Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2018). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Sage publications.

Deb, S. (2018). Informal settlements and urbanization in India: An architectural perspective. International Journal of Urban Sustainable Development, 10(1), 89-104.

Falola, T., & Heaton, M. M. (2008). A history of Nigeria. Cambridge University Press.

Field, A. (2018). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics. Sage.

Gutman, R. (2017). Architectural practice: A critical view. Princeton Architectural Press.

Odunfa, S. A. (2020). Architectural regulation and urban planning in Lagos. Cities and the Built Environment, 6(1), 12-24.

Ola, W. (2016). The Architectural Renaissance in Nigeria. Journal of Urban and Architectural Studies, 5(2), 23-35.

RIBA. (2019). Architectural standards and regulations in the UK. Royal Institute of British Architects.

Africa Today News, New York